{"id":11365,"date":"2026-05-22T18:42:09","date_gmt":"2026-05-22T18:42:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/?p=11365"},"modified":"2026-07-16T02:45:10","modified_gmt":"2026-07-16T02:45:10","slug":"gazali-paranin-ahlaki-icin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/?p=11365","title":{"rendered":"Gazali: Paran\u0131n Ahl\u00e2k\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in"},"content":{"rendered":"

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz k\u00fcresel finans sistemi; derinle\u015fen gelir adaletsizli\u011fi, kontrols\u00fcz spek\u00fclasyonlar ve yapay enflasyonist<\/strong><\/span> bask\u0131larla b\u00fcy\u00fck bir t\u0131kanma ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130slam Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck dehalar\u0131ndan biri olan \u0130mam Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019nin (1058\u20131111) ekonomi<\/span>, para<\/span> ve ahlak<\/span><\/strong> \u00fczerine g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini masaya yat\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Paran\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 bin y\u0131l \u00f6teden bir uyar\u0131 gelsin: Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee<\/span><\/strong>\u2019den bahsediyorum: Onun ad\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilince akla, \u00f6nce \u201c\u0130hya<\/span><\/strong>\u201d sonra \u201cKimya<\/strong><\/span>\u201d gelir. Onun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyas\u0131, yaln\u0131zca f\u0131k\u0131h ve kelam alan\u0131nda de\u011fil, ekonomi ve ahlak ili\u015fkisini kavramada da derin izler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan metalar\u0131ndan olan para<\/strong><\/span> konusu onun da g\u00fcndemindedir. \u00d6zellikle Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019nin \u0130hy\u00e2-\u00fc Ul\u00fbmi\u2019d-D\u00een adl\u0131 eserinin \u201cKazan\u00e7 ve ge\u00e7im – ticaret ve ahlak<\/strong>\u201d (Kitab\u00fc \u00c2d\u00e2bi’l-Kesb ve’l-Ma\u00e2\u015f) ile ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri para konusundaki fikirlerine yer vermektedir.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sa notlarla hat\u0131rlatmalar yapal\u0131m:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Paran\u0131n Do\u011fas\u0131: Ama\u00e7 de\u011fil, ara\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee, l\u00fcks t\u00fcketim ve ahlaki erozyonun ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemde ekonomi, salt bir matematik olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar, bir “ruhsal olgunluk” meselesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr demektedir.<\/p>\n

    Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019ye g\u00f6re para, kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131maz; onun de\u011feri, toplum i\u00e7indeki i\u015flevinden do\u011far. Alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn k\u0131ymeti, yaln\u0131zca metalik \u00f6zelliklerinden de\u011fil, insanlar aras\u0131ndaki g\u00fcven ve kabulden kaynaklan\u0131r. Bu noktada Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee, paray\u0131 bir \u201cayna<\/strong><\/span>\u201dya benzetir: kendi ba\u015f\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcretmez, fakat kendine olan \u201cg\u00fcven<\/strong><\/span>\u201dden kaynaklanan de\u011feri yans\u0131t\u0131r. “\u2026 Alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, kendi kendilerine hi\u00e7bir faydas\u0131 olmayan iki madendir. Onlar, di\u011fer mallar\u0131n de\u011ferini \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in Allah taraf\u0131ndan birer hakem ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc olarak yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u2026\u201d <\/em>tespiti bunu do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r.\u00a0Modern ekonomi teorilerindeki \u201cpara bir de\u011fi\u015fim arac\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong>\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019nin bu de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7in gerekli olan \u015fartlar\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Sonu\u00e7ta, paran\u0131n bir i\u015fi ve i\u015flevi var. Onun bu i\u015flevi ya da g\u00f6revi yerine getirmesi beklenir.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u201c\u00d6l\u00fc Para\u201d ve baz\u0131 ellerde toplanan servetin devletle\u015fmesi.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee en \u00e7ok paran\u0131n dola\u015f\u0131mdan \u00e7ekilmesine takm\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Stoklamak, saklamak ve \u00a0servet biriktirme davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik d\u00fczeni bozdu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemektedir. Ona g\u00f6re para, \u201ct\u0131pk\u0131 kan gibi<\/span><\/strong>\u201d dola\u015f\u0131mda olmal\u0131d\u0131r; aksi halde toplumun iktisadi hayat\u0131 felce u\u011frar. Dola\u015f\u0131ma girmeyen, yast\u0131k alt\u0131nda veya finansal elitlerin elinde bloke edilen servet, toplumun kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 t\u0131kayan bir p\u0131ht\u0131ya benzetiliyor. Bu durum, modern makroekonomideki sermaye birikimi ve likidite tuza\u011f\u0131 ele\u015ftirileriyle do\u011frudan \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Mallar ile para aras\u0131nda bir denge olu\u015farak fiyatlama ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bir k\u0131s\u0131m paran\u0131n piyasadan \u00e7ekilmesi dola\u015f\u0131mda olan kan\u0131n azalmas\u0131 ile benzer etki olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

      Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee, modern servet e\u015fitsizli\u011fi ve sermaye birikimi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na paralel bir de\u011ferlendirme yapar. Ekonomik bir sorunun arka plan\u0131nda ahlaki bir yozla\u015fma da yer alabilir. Bu en \u00e7ok stoklanan mal ve para i\u00e7in g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr: biriktirilen para, topluma fayda sa\u011flamazsa sahibini de yozla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. \u00dcretime ve istihdama katk\u0131s\u0131 olmayan bir varl\u0131k olarak sermayenin bir \u201c\u00f6l\u00fc de\u011fer<\/strong><\/span>\u201d haline gelmesi de b\u00f6yledir.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Spek\u00fclasyon ve Krizden K\u00e2r<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee i\u00e7in ticarette hile, fiyat manip\u00fclasyonu ve yapay k\u0131tl\u0131k olu\u015fturma davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 da piyasa dengesini bozucu bir durumdur. Ona g\u00f6re bu t\u00fcr bir kazan\u00e7, \u201cemeksiz bir k\u00e2r\u201dd\u0131r ve haliyle toplumsal g\u00fcveni de yok eder. Bunu bug\u00fcn modern teoride \u201cmoral hazard<\/strong>\u201d veya \u00a0\u201cbilgi asimetrisi<\/strong><\/span>\u201d deyip Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc bile verebilmekteyiz (G. Akerlof 2001). \u00a0Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019nin bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, piyasan\u0131n yaln\u0131zca ekonomik de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda ahlaki bir d\u00fczen oldu\u011funa vurgu yapmaktad\u0131r. Bunun bug\u00fcne uyarlanm\u0131\u015f hali \u201cKrizi f\u0131rsata \u00e7evirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan t\u00fcccar<\/strong>\u201d davran\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durum toplumun yaralar\u0131n\u0131 derinle\u015ftirmektedir. Onun yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 piyasan\u0131n bir t\u00fcr g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez elinden ziyade, piyasan\u0131n “ahlak\u00ee \u00a0vicdan\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn tutan” bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. G\u00fcven ve Piyasa Eti\u011fi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019nin ekonomi yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n temeli \u201cg\u00fcven<\/strong><\/span>\u201de dayanmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcven onun i\u00e7in bir \u00fcretim fakt\u00f6r\u00fc de\u011ferindedir. Yalan, hile-hurda, eksik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ve kusur gizleme gibi davran\u0131\u015flar piyasa i\u015fleyi\u015fine b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar verir. Bu durum, modern ekonomi i\u00e7in \u201cbilgi asimetrisi\u201dnin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlarla birebir \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Onun etik tasar\u0131m\u0131, tamamen \u015feffafl\u0131k ve d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck \u00fczerine kuruludur. \u00a0Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee i\u00e7in ticaret, \u201cmal bir yana – para bir yana<\/strong><\/span>\u201d davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece ticaret yaln\u0131zca mal ve para de\u011fi\u015fimi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ahlaki bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmedir. Adeta sat\u0131c\u0131ya, mal ve hizmetin faydas\u0131 t\u00fcketilene kadar sorumluluk y\u00fcklemektedir.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Devlet ve Para Politikas\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee i\u00e7in para, \u201cneyse o\u201d kadar net bir durumdur. Kral ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n paray\u0131 deval\u00fce etmesini, alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak de\u011ferinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u201ch\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k<\/strong><\/span>\u201d olarak nitelendirmektedir. Bu davran\u0131\u015f enflasyonu tetikleyecektir. Fakir- f\u0131kara ezilecek; toplumsal g\u00fcven zedelenecektir. Halk\u0131n d\u00fczeni i\u00e7in, \u00a0\u201c\u2026d\u00fcnya nizam\u0131 ise ancak amelle, \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p kazanmakla has\u0131l olur\u2026” <\/em>diyerek, \u00e7aba ve gayrete vurgu yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00a0Olay\u0131n devlet cephesinde ise Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019nin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, devletin mali politikalar\u0131n\u0131n da ahlaki bir sorumluluk<\/strong> <\/span>ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Sonu\u00e7ta Ekonomi de bir ahlaki de\u011fere dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Bug\u00fcn baz\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n sorunu haline gelen refah ve zenginlik, bilgelikten h\u0131zl\u0131 artmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi halde toplumsal \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeye yol a\u00e7ar. Para, ahlaktan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. Onun i\u015flevi ancak ahlaki bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve i\u00e7inde kullan\u0131l\u0131rsa anlam kazan\u0131r. Bu nedenle, Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019ye g\u00f6re ekonomi yaln\u0131zca teknik bir d\u00fczen de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ahlaki bir sistemdir.<\/p>\n

              Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee Buna ra\u011fmen, paran\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131, servet birikimi, spek\u00fclasyon ve g\u00fcven \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 analizler, modern ekonomi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutacak kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr. Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019nin para anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 da bug\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda da ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini koruyan bir uyar\u0131 niteli\u011findedir: para, ancak ahlakla ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda topluma fayda sa\u011flar. Gazal\u00ee\u2019nin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onun nihai hedefinin zenginle\u015fmek veya verimli piyasalar kurmak de\u011fil, adil bir b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmle insan\u0131n ahiret saadetini g\u00fcvenceye almak oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bunun da \u015fart\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvendir<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n

              \u015eu sat\u0131rlar ile <\/em>Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee, devleti huzur ve g\u00fcvenin tesisinden sorumlu tutmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

              \u00a0“…Piyasaya sahte veya de\u011feri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f para salmak, bir evden para \u00e7almaktan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zul\u00fcmd\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sahte para piyasaya girdi\u011finde, tedav\u00fcl vas\u0131tas\u0131yla binlerce insan\u0131n eline ge\u00e7er ve hepsinin hakk\u0131na girilmi\u015f olur. Bu durum, paran\u0131n g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla toplumun huzurunu yok eder…” <\/em>Son olarak devlet eliyle olu\u015fturulan ya da sebep olunan yapay enflasyon<\/span><\/strong>, Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019nin g\u00f6z\u00fcnde halk\u0131n cebindeki refah\u0131n gizlice gasp edilmesidir. D\u00fczen ve refah anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bu ifadeler d\u00fcnden bug\u00fcne birer uyar\u0131<\/strong> olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz k\u00fcresel finans sistemi; derinle\u015fen gelir adaletsizli\u011fi, kontrols\u00fcz spek\u00fclasyonlar ve yapay enflasyonist bask\u0131larla b\u00fcy\u00fck bir t\u0131kanma ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130slam Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck dehalar\u0131ndan biri olan \u0130mam Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019nin (1058\u20131111) ekonomi, para ve ahlak \u00fczerine g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini masaya yat\u0131r\u0131yor. Paran\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 bin y\u0131l \u00f6teden bir uyar\u0131 gelsin: Gaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019den bahsediyorum: Onun ad\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilince akla, \u00f6nce […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11403,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[907,111,479,543,1,166,600,711,125,153],"tags":[1200,1203,1199,1201,1202,450],"class_list":["post-11365","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-calisma-hayati","category-ekonomi","category-enflasyon","category-faiz","category-genel","category-guncel","category-hayat","category-kriz","category-siyaset","category-tarih","tag-altin","tag-ayna-metaforu","tag-gazali","tag-gumus","tag-olu-para","tag-para"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11365","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11365"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11365\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11367,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11365\/revisions\/11367"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11403"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11365"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11365"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11365"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}