{"id":8652,"date":"2017-11-22T18:54:48","date_gmt":"2017-11-22T18:54:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/acarhoca.com\/?p=8652"},"modified":"2017-11-24T09:39:42","modified_gmt":"2017-11-24T09:39:42","slug":"hangi-bagimsizlik-ekonomide-de-kurtulus-savasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/?p=8652","title":{"rendered":"HANG\u0130 BA\u011eIMSIZLIK? Ekonomide de Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

1800\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llar imparatorluklar\u0131n pek \u00e7ok y\u00f6nden tehdit alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemdir. Bu y\u0131llarda \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa gibi \u00fclkeler de egemenlik alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek istemektedirler. malum planlar her daim masadad\u0131r. Haliyle, d\u00f6nemin Osmanl\u0131<\/strong><\/span> Cihan Devleti de b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ile ve bu s\u0131n\u0131rlardaki b\u00f6lgeleriyle birilerinin i\u015ftah\u0131n\u0131 kabartmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0 Bu arada kuzey do\u011fuda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019<\/strong>s\u0131 da bu \u00fclkelerin i\u015fine gelmemektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00fczden en k\u0131sa yol tercih edilir: Osmanl\u0131 ile \u00a0Ruslar\u0131 Sava\u015ft\u0131rmak<\/strong>\u2026 bunun i\u00e7in alttan alta s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u015fletilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Akdeniz Ticareti\u2019ni ele ge\u00e7irmesini engel olmak i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmaktad\u0131r. Askeri olarak Ruslar\u0131 engelleyecek; ekonomik olarak \u0130ngilizlere ba\u011flanacak bir Osmanl\u0131, tercih sebebidir. Zaten Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 da sa\u011fman\u0131n yolu, \u201cbor\u00e7 sarmal\u0131na almak\u201d<\/em><\/strong> <\/span>oldu\u011fu bilinmektedirler. Nihayet bu kapan \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti sava\u015f i\u00e7in gerekli paray\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019den sa\u011flar ve Rusya ile sava\u015fa girer. \u0130ngiltere\u2019den sa\u011flanan mali kaynak \u00a03 milyon sterlindir.<\/p>\n

1854 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 ile bor\u00e7lanmaya ba\u015flayan \u0130mparatorluk, 1875 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyemez ve moratoryum ilan edilir. Bu \u015fekilde ba\u015flayan Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bor\u00e7lanma hikayesi, \u00a0Lozan Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n en tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 konusu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin kesilmesine yol a\u00e7acak ve 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda son kuru\u015funa kadar \u00f6denip bitirilecektir.<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk ve Rus Yard\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n finansman\u0131 dendi\u011finde Sovyetlerden gelen yard\u0131m dile getirilir, do\u011frudur. Bu yard\u0131m\u0131n verdi\u011f cesaretle olsa gerek i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f dostlardan gelen, Rus modeli sosyo-ekonomik sistem uygulans\u0131n telkinlerine ra\u011fmen, Atat\u00fcrk bunu, muhtelif konu\u015fmalar\u0131yla \u201cred\u201d<\/strong> etti\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir. 1854 K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi ile ba\u015flayan ve 20 senede \u00f6denemez<\/strong> <\/span>hale gelen\u00a0 bor\u00e7lanman\u0131n bakiyesi 100 y\u0131l sonra \u00f6denebildi. 1954\u2019e kadar bu bor\u00e7lar devam etti. \u015eu da bir ger\u00e7ek, Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde bor\u00e7lan\u0131lmad\u0131 m\u0131, bor\u00e7lan\u0131ld\u0131 elbette: sanayi planlar\u0131n\u0131n finansman\u0131 i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 miktarlarda bor\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemi d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan, 1923 ile 1938 aras\u0131nda, ABD ve Rusya’dan toplam 18 milyon dolar, Almanya’dan 150 milyon mark ve \u0130ngiltere’den 16 milyon sterlin al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7eriden ise 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sivas-Erzurum Demiryolu’nun yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in 30 milyon lira kadar bor\u00e7lan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 \u00f6denmesi konusunda direten \u0130ngilizlerin t\u0131kad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Lozan m\u00fczakereleri, \u0130zmir\u2019de bir \u0130ktisat Kongresi\u2019nin sebebi haline gelmi\u015ftir. Lozan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinin kesildi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Kongre, \u00fclkenin ekonomik envanterini g\u00f6rmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Bu y\u00fczden b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya ile birlikte piyasa yanl\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6zel te\u015febb\u00fcs \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bir kalk\u0131nma modeli benimsendi: 1923-1932 aras\u0131 piyasa ekonomisi, 1933-1950 aras\u0131nda ise devletin \u00f6nc\u00fc oldu\u011fu ekonomi politikalar\u0131 uyguland\u0131. Devlet\u00e7ilik, Rus modeli gibi her\u015feyin m\u00fclkiyetinin devlette oldu\u011fu bir model olmay\u0131p; devletin elinde bulunan sermaye birikimini, yat\u0131r\u0131mlara y\u00f6nlendirmek \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir kalk\u0131nma modeli oldu.<\/p>\n

Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131, yokluklarla kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemde Ununu bu\u011fday\u0131n\u0131 Rusya\u2019dan ve Amerika\u2019dan; bezini Amerika\u2019dan temin eden bir \u00fclkeyiz. \u00dclkede “yok”\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>bile yoktu.<\/strong> Mustafa Kemal\u00a0Atat\u00fcrk<\/strong>‘\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli hamlesi \u0130ngiliz ve ABD mandas\u0131n\u0131 reddetmesiyle ba\u015flar. Bug\u00fcn bu manda ve himaye kabul edilseydi; ne b\u00f6yle bir orta gelir tuza\u011f\u0131 ne de geli\u015fme sorunu konu\u015fuluyor olurdu. Gerek ekonomik, gerekse siyasi anlamda \u00e7ekti\u011fimiz b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n sebebi gelip ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za, h\u00fcrriyet deyi\u015fimize, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00a0 taleplerimize<\/strong> dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Milli \u00c7\u0131karlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Devlet olman\u0131n \u00f6n ko\u015fulu \u201cmilli\u201d<\/strong> olmakt\u0131r. Bu do\u011frultuda her alanda yeni bir devletin kurulu\u015fu sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilan\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde ekonomik kalk\u0131nman\u0131n \u00f6nemi anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 17 \u015eubat – 4 Mart 1923’te ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi<\/strong><\/span>\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Atat\u00fcrk,\u00a0“Hayat demek ekonomi demektir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc; Millet yoksul kald\u0131k\u00e7a hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapamaz” <\/strong>\u015feklinde konu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015fta A\u015far\u2019\u0131n<\/span><\/strong> kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve hemen akabinde ayn\u0131 y\u0131l k\u00f6yl\u00fcye 20 y\u0131l vadeyle toprak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131, bu bak\u0131mdan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

1923-1930 aras\u0131nda \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fc te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in, Osmanl\u0131dan kalan “Te\u015fvik-i Sanayi Kanunu” <\/strong>\u00a0yeniden d\u00fczenledi. 1929 Krizinin de etkisiyle devlet \u00f6nc\u00fc politikalar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu. \u00d6zellikle birinci ve \u0130kinci sanayi planlar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda, tekstil ve \u015feker gibi halk\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yap\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00c7imento ve demir-\u00e7elik gibi kalk\u0131nman\u0131n stratejik \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin \u00fcretilmesi, yabanc\u0131 tekellerin, madenlerin, demir yollar\u0131 ve limanlar devletle\u015ftirilmesi bu d\u00f6neme rastlamaktad\u0131r. Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00a0demiryollar\u0131<\/span><\/strong> i\u00e7in, “memleketin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in t\u00fcfekten toptan daha \u00f6nemli bir silaht\u0131r” <\/strong>demesi de s\u00fcrecin \u00f6nemini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r..<\/p>\n

\u015eekerden basmaya, ka\u011f\u0131t fabrikalar\u0131ndan k\u00f6m\u00fcr i\u015fletmelerine kadar pek \u00e7ok \u00fcretim hamlesi halk\u0131n, Kapit\u00fclasyonlar ve Duyun-u Umumiye\u2019den sonra yeni bir hamlesi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmelidir. Bu d\u00f6nemin uygulamalar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi 1980\u2019lere kadar ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bundan sonras\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni ve daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hamlelere ihtiya\u00e7 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ekonomide \u201cKurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u201d<\/span><\/strong> s\u00fcrekli yenilenerek ve her yeni g\u00fcn ba\u015fka ba\u015fka silahlarla kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131karak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1800\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llar imparatorluklar\u0131n pek \u00e7ok y\u00f6nden tehdit alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemdir. Bu y\u0131llarda \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa gibi \u00fclkeler de egemenlik alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek istemektedirler. malum planlar her daim masadad\u0131r. Haliyle, d\u00f6nemin Osmanl\u0131 Cihan Devleti de b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ile ve bu s\u0131n\u0131rlardaki b\u00f6lgeleriyle birilerinin i\u015ftah\u0131n\u0131 kabartmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0 Bu arada kuzey do\u011fuda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131 da bu \u00fclkelerin i\u015fine […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8653,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[108,111,1,166],"tags":[535,537,540,536,539,538,541,542],"class_list":["post-8652","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-akademi","category-ekonomi","category-genel","category-guncel","tag-ataturk","tag-borc","tag-duyun-u-umumiye","tag-ekonomik-kurtulus-savasi","tag-ingiliz","tag-osmanli-borclari","tag-rus","tag-sovyet"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8652","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8652"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8652\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8658,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8652\/revisions\/8658"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8653"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8652"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8652"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8652"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}