{"id":8768,"date":"2018-03-20T22:24:20","date_gmt":"2018-03-20T22:24:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/acarhoca.com\/?p=8768"},"modified":"2018-03-21T18:36:21","modified_gmt":"2018-03-21T18:36:21","slug":"samdan-bagdata-bade-harabul-basra","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/?p=8768","title":{"rendered":"\u015eam’dan Ba\u011fdat’a – Ba’de Harab\u00fc’l Basra"},"content":{"rendered":"

Abbasiler’<\/strong><\/span>in 762 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ba\u011fdat<\/strong>\u2019<\/span>\u0131 ba\u015fkent olarak ilan etmesiyle \u015fehir, 500 y\u0131l boyunca bilim ve sanat<\/strong> <\/span>merkezi olacakt\u0131r. Sonraki y\u0131llarda, Abbasi h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131ndan Halife Me\u2019mun, 815 – 832\u2019de Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta, Bilgelik Evi (Beyt\u00fc\u2019l-Hikme<\/span>)<\/span> <\/strong>adl\u0131 bir akademi kurar. Burada d\u00f6nemin Yunanca, S\u00fcryanice, Fars\u00e7a ve Sanskrit\u00e7e eserleri Arap\u00e7a\u2019ya \u00e7evrilir. B\u00f6ylece Antik Yunan\u2019dan o g\u00fcne en etkili felsefe ve bilim hareketi, Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halife eski bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bulup getirsinler diye el\u00e7ilerini uzak diyarlara g\u00f6nderir. Bu kitap temini o kadar ileriye gitmi\u015ftir ki Halife Me\u2019mun\u2019un Bizansla<\/strong><\/span> olan sava\u015flar\u0131nda ganimet<\/span><\/strong> olarak kitap<\/strong> istedi\u011fi, esirleri geri vermek i\u00e7in fidye<\/strong> olarak kitap<\/strong><\/span> ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihi kay\u0131tlarda yer almaktad\u0131r.\u00a0Me’mun’a g\u00f6re, gelecekteki ideal toplum ancak bilim ve ak\u0131l ile <\/span><\/strong>o<\/span><\/span>lu\u015fturulabilirdi. Bu terc\u00fcme projesi ile bir \u00e7ok dilden felsefi ve bilimsel terc\u00fcmeler yap\u0131lacak ve bu yeni fikirlerle halk, hem hurafelerden hem de akl\u0131 arka plana b\u0131rakan ve zahir\u00ee\u00a0 N\u00e2ssa dayanan bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00a0kurtulacakt\u0131. O, bu gayretleriyle uzun s\u00fcredir insan\u0131 nesnele\u015ftiren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 akl\u0131, fikri, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi ve insan\u0131 tekrar devreye sokma \u00e7abas\u0131nda idi.<\/p>\n

Tahmin edilece\u011fi gibi eserler Bizans\u2019tan gelmektedir. O zamana kadar \u0130slam \u00fclkelerinde bulunmayan \u00f6nemli eserler \u00e7evrilmek \u00fczere akademiye getirtilmi\u015ftir. Bilgelik Evi\u2019<\/span><\/strong>ndeki \u00e7evirmenlerin \u00e7o\u011fu H\u0131ristiyan k\u00f6kenlidir. Buraya Bizans, \u0130ran ve Hindistan\u2019dan akan bilgilerin Arap\u00e7a\u2019ya \u00e7evrilmesi tam bir sekt\u00f6r haline gelmi\u015ftir. Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta ba\u015flayan bu terc\u00fcme hareketi tarihte Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 ilim sanat ve felsefe alanlar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir merkez haline getirir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 500 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Abbasilerin o d\u00f6nemleri de olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve etkilidir.<\/p>\n

\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0131p, matematik, astronomi, kimya, edebiyat vb\u2026 hem do\u011fa hem de be\u015feri bilimlere b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131lar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u015feref d\u00f6nemi, \u0130slam medeniyetinin \u201cAlt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u201d<\/strong><\/span> olarak bilinir. Abbasi h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131nda Ba\u011fdat, bir m\u00fczeler, hastaneler, k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler ve camiler \u015fehri haline gelmi\u015ftir. Halife Me\u2019mun di\u011fer dinlere kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ve ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ile yakla\u015f\u0131r. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan gelen bilim insanlar\u0131 Ba\u011fdat<\/strong><\/span>\u2019a ak\u0131n etmeye ba\u015flar. Rivayet edilir ki, her gelen misafire yemek ve \u015farap ikram edilir. Gelenlerin me\u015frebine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n dinden matemati\u011fe, astronomiden t\u0131bba tart\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu \u00e7evirilerin sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda End\u00fcl\u00fcs \u00fczerinden Avrupa\u2019ya girmesiyle orada Avrupa ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 yanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Siyas\u00ee bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda ilm\u00ee faaliyetlerin geli\u015femeyece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclerek hi\u00e7bir siyas\u00ee bask\u0131 uygulanm\u0131yordu. Buradaki \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ortam\u0131na bakarak siyas\u00ee bir y\u00f6nlendirme olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da rahatl\u0131kla\u00a0 anlayabiliriz. Herhangi bir mezheb\u00ee kayg\u0131 bulunmuyordu. Bu merkezde ilim ruhunun hakim oldu\u011fu, mutlak manada ilim, inan\u00e7 ve fikir h\u00fcrriyetinin bulundu\u011fu, her \u015feyin ak\u0131l ve mant\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi, orijinalli\u011fin, yarat\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 zihniyetin \u00f6d\u00fcllendirildi\u011fi aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Burada Araplar\u0131n aleyhine bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce geli\u015ftirilebiliyor, hatta genel kabul g\u00f6ren \u0130slam\u00ee yorumlara ayk\u0131r\u0131 olsa bile bu fikirler k\u0131s\u0131tlanm\u0131yordu. Bundan dolay\u0131 bu kuruma H\u0131ristiyan, Nebat\u00ee, Yahudi, S\u00fcryan\u00ee, Sab\u00ee, Mecus\u00ee gibi de\u011fi\u015fik din ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerden insanlar ak\u0131n ediyorlard\u0131. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 yerlerindeki de\u011fi\u015fik ilim dallar\u0131ndan bir \u00e7ok bilim adam\u0131 bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc duyup buraya gelmi\u015fti. Burada g\u00f6revlendirilenler i\u00e7in istenen kriter, siyas\u00ee ve din\u00ee g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinden \u00e7ok ilmi yeterlilikti. Buradaki \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ifade etmek i\u00e7in\u00a0 gayrim\u00fcslim bir bilim adam\u0131 olan Thaumaturgos\u2019<\/strong>un\u00a0\u00a0 \u015fu s\u00f6zlerini aktaral\u0131m. \u201cHi\u00e7bir konuyu incelememiz yasak de\u011fildi. Gizlenen saklanan bir \u015fey yoktu. Her doktrin incelenebiliyordu. Bu konuda\u00a0 tam bir g\u00fcvenlik vard\u0131. \u0130lah\u00ee-Be\u015fer\u00ee her \u015feyi ara\u015ft\u0131rabiliyorduk\u201d.\u00a0 Bu g\u00fcvenli \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ortam\u0131 y\u00fczlerce bilgini Ba\u011fdat\u2019a \u00e7ekti. Nestur\u00eeler, bask\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki Sab\u00eeler, sarp da\u011flara \u00e7ekilen papazlar buraya gelmi\u015fti. E\u011fer, en ufak bir bask\u0131 olsa, bunlar burada toplanamazlard\u0131.\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

9-13.y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f me\u015fhur M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu akademik e\u011fitimlerinin temellerini Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilgelik Evi\u2019nde, \u00f6\u011fretmen ve \u00f6\u011frenciler, bilginin kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak ad\u0131na Antik yunan el yazmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evirmek i\u00e7in beraber \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Socrates,<\/strong>\u00a0Aristo, Platon, Hipokrat, \u00d6klid ve Pisagor<\/strong> gibi antik Yunan bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 incelediler. Bilgelik Evi Harezmi gibi zaman\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck matematik\u00e7isine de ev sahipli\u011fi yapmaktayd\u0131. Matematik o g\u00fcn de reva\u00e7ta bir bilim idi.<\/p>\n

\u0130bn Nedim’in aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re Harizmi, Halife Memun’un hizmetinde Bilgelik Evi’<\/span><\/strong>nde tam g\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Harizmi,<\/span><\/strong> Cebir’in temeli olan Hisab\u00fc’l-Cebr ve’l-Mukabele (Cebir ve Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma Hesab\u0131) isimli eserini 825 tarihinde burada yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Harizmi bu kitab\u0131nda\u00a0miras hukuku, payla\u015f\u0131m, ticaret, arazi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc, kanal a\u00e7\u0131m\u0131<\/strong> gibi bir\u00e7ok g\u00fcnl\u00fck sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde cebir denklemlerinin nas\u0131l kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Harizmi, kendisini bu eseri yazmaya Halife Memun’un te\u015fvik etti\u011fini s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n

“Cebir”<\/strong> kelimesi, “sonu\u00e7land\u0131rma” anlam\u0131na gelen el-cebir’den gelmektedir. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Harizmi, Hint say\u0131 sisteminin benimsenmesi ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ondan \u00f6nce yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan Roma rakamlar\u0131 matematik i\u00e7in uygun de\u011fildi. Hint say\u0131 sistemini almakla kalmayan Harizmi, “0”<\/span><\/strong> (s\u0131f\u0131r) rakam\u0131n\u0131 icat etmi\u015ftir<\/p>\n

Avrupa, karanl\u0131k \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131nda ve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeye y\u00fcz tutmu\u015fken, Ba\u011fdat da bir o kadar canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin kalbi konumundayd\u0131. Ba\u011fdat’ta o zamanlar, 200’den fazla sahaf vard\u0131. 36 resmi k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin yan\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6zel k\u00fct\u00fcphaneden s\u00f6z edilir. Bunun i\u00e7\u00fcn\u00a0Ba\u011fdat,<\/strong><\/span> zaman\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en refah ve entelekt\u00fcel \u015fehri kabul ediliyordu. Konstantinopol<\/strong><\/span>\u2019un (\u0130stanbul) ard\u0131ndan da en b\u00fcy\u00fck ikinci \u015fehirdi. Do\u011fu \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda bu geli\u015fmeler olurken, Bat\u0131, Orta\u00e7a\u011f<\/strong> denilen “cinnet”<\/strong> d\u00f6nemini ya\u015famakta idi. J. Schumpeter’in de bu 500 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in ifade etti\u011fi “B\u00fcy\u00fck karanl\u0131k”,\u00a0Schumpeterian Gap <\/em><\/span><\/strong>olarak da an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bilinen ger\u00e7ek \u015fu ki, Kilisenin toplum hayat\u0131na m\u00fcdahalesi olduk\u00e7a fazlad\u0131r. Bilgelik Evi <\/strong>ise \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri ve h\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi savunmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00d6yle ki d\u00f6nemin \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinin Aristoteles\/ Aristo konusuna olan ilgisi de fazlad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Atina okulu <\/span><\/strong>tablosunun\u00a0<\/span>bile yads\u0131namayan tek \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc olan\u00a0\u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd’<\/span><\/strong>\u00fcn (Averroes<\/span><\/strong>), Aristo hakk\u0131ndaki eserleri nedeniyle, kiliselerde Aristo’nun okutulmas\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011fretilmesi, hatta konu\u015fulmas\u0131\u00a0 bile yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Aristoteles\u2019in eserlerinin Avrupa \u00fcniversitelerinde okutulmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yasak, 1210 y\u0131l\u0131nda getirilmi\u015f, 1215 ve 1228 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki Papal\u0131k emirleriyle de daha s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde uygulan\u0131r olmu\u015ftur.<\/b><\/i>\u00a0Bu d\u00f6nemde Sorbon \u00dcniversitesi<\/span> <\/strong>yeni kurulmu\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Aristo yasaklar\u0131ndan o da nasibini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nihayetinde kilisenin, samimi bir Hristiyan olan Thomas Aquinas’<\/span><\/strong>a gidip, ondan Aristo konusunda yazmas\u0131 istenene kadar, bu yasaklar<\/span><\/strong> devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Co\u011frafya b\u00f6yle bir \u015fey. 500 y\u0131l uzun bir\u00a0 zaman olsa da ge\u00e7ivermi\u015f. 700’lerde ba\u015flayan bu “Bilgelik Yolu”<\/strong><\/span> 1200’lerde Mo\u011follar\u0131n da tesiriyle \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Sonunda Abbasiler ilk olarak \u015eii- S\u00fcnni ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ve kavgas\u0131, arkas\u0131ndan do\u011fal afetler\u00a0 nedeniyle y\u0131prand\u0131 ve zay\u0131flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011fdat Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan 1258 y\u0131l\u0131nda i\u015fgal edildi, talana maruz kald\u0131, ya\u011fmaland\u0131. Yine rivayet odur ki Dicle ve F\u0131rat nehirleri binlerce bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131t\u0131lan kan\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131la b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. (100 bin Ba\u011fdatl\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir.) Binalar ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015f y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; K\u00fct\u00fcphanelerin \u00e7o\u011fu harap edilmi\u015f, kitaplar\u0131n m\u00fcrekkebinden F\u0131rat ve Dicle nehirlerinin rengi de\u011fi\u015fti de denir. Sulama kanallar\u0131 mahvedilmi\u015f, tarihi miras yok edilmi\u015ftir. Mo\u011follar<\/span><\/strong>\u0131n Ba\u011fdat<\/strong> <\/span>ve Basra’<\/strong> y\u0131 harap etmesinden sonra, \u201cba\u2019de harab\u00fcl Basra<\/strong>\u201d bir olay olup bittikten sonra, i\u015f i\u015ften ge\u00e7tikten sonra anlam\u0131nda kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011fdat, Musul ve Basra hatt\u0131ndan \u015eam\u2019a haritalar yeniden \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir. Ekonominin pek de sevmedi\u011fi, tasvip etmedi\u011fi hareketli g\u00fcnlerden ge\u00e7mekteyiz\u2026 Takipteyiz\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Abbasiler’in 762 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 ba\u015fkent olarak ilan etmesiyle \u015fehir, 500 y\u0131l boyunca bilim ve sanat merkezi olacakt\u0131r. Sonraki y\u0131llarda, Abbasi h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131ndan Halife Me\u2019mun, 815 – 832\u2019de Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta, Bilgelik Evi (Beyt\u00fc\u2019l-Hikme) adl\u0131 bir akademi kurar. Burada d\u00f6nemin Yunanca, S\u00fcryanice, Fars\u00e7a ve Sanskrit\u00e7e eserleri Arap\u00e7a\u2019ya \u00e7evrilir. B\u00f6ylece Antik Yunan\u2019dan o g\u00fcne en etkili felsefe ve bilim hareketi, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8769,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[108,1,166,600,125,153],"tags":[630,636,649,648,642,626,627,624,625,631,634,646,641,647,632,638,637,628,633,644,645,635,643,629,639,640],"class_list":["post-8768","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-akademi","category-genel","category-guncel","category-hayat","category-siyaset","category-tarih","tag-arap-aydinlanmasi","tag-aristo","tag-aristoteles","tag-aristotelesin-yasaklanmasi","tag-averroes","tag-bagdat","tag-basra","tag-beytul-hikme","tag-bilgelik-evi","tag-bilgi","tag-bizans","tag-great-gap","tag-ibn-rusd","tag-kilise","tag-kultur","tag-mogollar","tag-platon","tag-sam","tag-sanat","tag-schumpeter","tag-schumpeterian-gap","tag-sokrates","tag-sorbon-universitesi","tag-tercume","tag-thaumaturgos","tag-thomas-aquinas"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8768","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8768"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8768\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8780,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8768\/revisions\/8780"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8769"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8768"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8768"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acarhoca.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8768"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}